Permissive Hypotension Has No Deleterious Impact on Fluid Balance or Kidney Function.

OBJECTIVES: Mean arterial hypotension between 55 and 65 mm Hg could be tolerated safely in the absence of tissue hypoperfusion, but the consequences on fluid balance and kidney function remain unknown. DESIGN: During a 1-year period, we retrospectively collected data of consecutive septic patients admitted for sepsis with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 65 mm Hg despite fluid resuscitation. SETTING: Medical 18-bed ICU in a tertiary teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Septic patients with a MAP less than 65 mm Hg despite initial resuscitation. INTERVENTIONS: In our ICU, MAP between 55 and 65 mm Hg was tolerated in the absence of peripheral hypoperfusion (permissive hypotension) or corrected using norepinephrine (septic shock group) when peripheral tissue hypoperfusion was present. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ninety-four consecutive septic patients were included, 15 in the permissive hypotension group and 79 in the septic shock group. Median age was 66 years (57-77 yr) and 42% were women. The main sources of infection were respiratory (45%) and abdominal (18%). Severity was more important in septic shock group with higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (7 [5-10] vs. 4 [1-6]; p < 0.0001), more frequent organ support therapy and ultimately higher mortality (38 vs. 0%; p < 0.01). The total volume of crystalloids infused before ICU admission was not different between groups (1930 ± 250 vs. 1850 ± 150 mL; p = 0.40). Within the 6 first hours of ICU stay, patients in the permissive hypotension group received less fluids (530 ± 170 vs. 1100 ± 110 mL; p = 0.03) and had higher urinary output (1.4 mL [0.88-2.34 mL] vs. 0.47 mL/kg/hr [0.08-1.25 mL/kg/hr]; p < 0.001). In addition, kidney injury evaluated using KDIGO score was lower in the permissive hypotension group at 48 hours (0 hr [0-1 hr] vs. 1 hr [0-2 hr]; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In septic patients without clinical peripheral hypoperfusion, mean arterial hypotension between 55 and 65 mm Hg could be tolerated safely without vasopressor infusion and was not associated with excessive fluid administration or kidney damage.

Permissive Hypotension in Rhinoplasty: A Literature Review of Therapeutics and Associated Outcomes.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Permissive hypotension, defined as mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 60-70 mm Hg, has been regarded as favorable among surgeons performing rhinoplasty. Furthermore, management of blood pressure has been shown to promote greater visualization of the surgical field and decrease postoperative complications, such as ecchymosis and edema. While multiple therapies have been utilized to achieve permissive hypotension, it remains unclear how modalities compare in terms of safety and efficacy. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to better understand the specific modalities and associated outcomes in managing blood pressure during rhinoplasty. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted in order to identify and assess therapeutics utilized in achieving permissive hypotension during rhinoplasty. Variables collected included year of publication, journal, article title, organization of study, patient sample, treatment modality, associated outcomes (i.e., intraoperative bleeding, edema, and ecchymosis), adverse events, complications, and satisfaction. Articles were then categorized by the level of evidence as set forth by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Any conflicts were resolved through discussion and full-text review among co-authors. Of note, the search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. No funding was required to conduct this review of the literature. RESULTS: Initial review yielded sixty-five articles. Title and abstract review followed by standardized application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in a total of ten studies for analysis. Articles discussed multiple therapies for management of blood pressure during rhinoplasty, including dexmedetomidine, dexamethasone, gabapentin, labetalol, nitroglycerine, remifentanil, magnesium sulfate, clonidine, and metoprolol. Overall, intraoperative bleeding, as well as postoperative ecchymosis and edema were reduced when MAP was controlled. CONCLUSION: Given its intra- and postoperative benefits, permissive hypotension can be leveraged to improve outcomes in rhinoplasty. This study presents an updated comprehensive review of various modalities used to achieve permission hypotension in rhinoplasty. Future studies should explore how comorbidities may impact choice of treatment regimen among patients undergoing rhinoplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Association between hypotension and myocardial injury in patients with severe trauma.

PURPOSE: During resuscitation of patients with severe trauma, guidelines recommend permissive hypotension prior to surgical bleeding control. However, hypotension may be associated with reduced organ perfusion and multiple organ dysfunction, e.g. myocardial injury. The association between hypotension and myocardial injury in trauma patients is underexplored. We hypothesized that hypotension is associated with myocardial injury in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients ≥ 18 years suffering from severe trauma [defined as Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16] that were treated in the emergency department resuscitation room between 2016 and 2019. Primary endpoint was the incidence of myocardial injury defined as high-sensitive troponin T > 14 ng/l. Main exposure was the duration of arterial hypotension during resuscitation period defined as mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg. RESULTS: Out of 368 patients screened, 343 were analyzed (73% male, age: 55 ± 21, ISS: 28 ± 12). Myocardial injury was detected in 143 (42%) patients. Overall in-hospital mortality was 26%. Multivariate binary logistic regression with forced entry of nine predefined covariables revealed an odds ratio of 1.29 [95% confidence interval 1.16-1.44]; p = 0.012) for the association between the duration of hypotension and myocardial injury. CONCLUSION: The duration of hypotension during resuscitation period is independently associated with the incidence of myocardial injury in patients with severe trauma.

Permissive hypotension compared to fluid therapy for the management of traumatic haemorrhage: a rapid review.

Background: Haemorrhage and subsequent hypovolemia from traumatic injury is a potentially reversible cause of cardiac arrest, as interventions can be made to increase circulatory volume and organ perfusion. Traditionally, intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is recommended for all patients who have experienced a haemorrhagic emergency. There has been some argument, however, that this may not be the most effective treatment as isotonic fluids can dilute coagulation factors and further stimulate bleeding. Permissive hypotension, also known as hypotensive resuscitation within the context of damage control resuscitation, is a method of managing haemorrhagic trauma patients by restricting IV fluid administration to allow for a reduced blood pressure. It is important to evaluate and compare current research literature on the effects of both permissive hypotension and fluid therapy on patients suffering from traumatic haemorrhage. Methods: A rapid review was conducted by systematically searching and identifying literature to narratively compare permissive hypotension and fluid therapy. Searches were carried out across two databases to find relevant primary research containing quantitative data that provide contextual and statistical evidence to achieve the aim of this review. Papers were narratively synthesised to produce key themes for discussion. Results: The database searches identified 125 records, 78 from PubMed and 47 from ScienceDirect. Eleven duplicates were removed, and 114 titles screened. Ninety-four records were initially excluded and nine more after abstract review. Eleven papers were critiqued using Benton and Cormack's framework, with eight articles included in the final review. Conclusion: Permissive hypotension may have a positive impact on 30-day mortality, when compared with fluid resuscitation methods, however there is evidence to suggest that hypotensive resuscitation may be more effective for blunt force injuries. Some studies even suggest a reduction in the treatment cost when reducing fluid volumes. Penetrating injuries are usually more likely to be a compressible source of haemorrhage within which haemorrhage control can be gained much more easily. There are recommendations for the use of permissive hypotension in both compressible and non-compressible injuries. It is difficult at this time to draw definitive conclusions for the treatment of every case related to traumatic haemorrhage given the variability and unpredictability of trauma.

Is the Sympathetic System Detrimental in the Setting of Septic Shock, with Antihypertensive Agents as a Counterintuitive Approach? A Clinical Proposition.

Mortality in the setting of septic shock varies between 20% and 100%. Refractory septic shock leads to early circulatory failure and carries the worst prognosis. The pathophysiology is poorly understood despite studies of the microcirculatory defects and the immuno-paralysis. The acute circulatory distress is treated with volume expansion, administration of vasopressors (usually noradrenaline: NA), and inotropes. Ventilation and anti-infectious strategy shall not be discussed here. When circulation is considered, the literature is segregated between interventions directed to the systemic circulation vs. interventions directed to the micro-circulation. Our thesis is that, after stabilization of the acute cardioventilatory distress, the prolonged sympathetic hyperactivity is detrimental in the setting of septic shock. Our hypothesis is that the sympathetic hyperactivity observed in septic shock being normalized towards baseline activity will improve the microcirculation by recoupling the capillaries and the systemic circulation. Therefore, counterintuitively, antihypertensive agents such as beta-blockers or alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine, dexmedetomidine) are useful. They would reduce the noradrenaline requirements. Adjuncts (vitamins, steroids, NO donors/inhibitors, etc.) proposed to normalize the sepsis-evoked vasodilation are not reviewed. This itemized approach (systemic vs. microcirculation) requires physiological and epidemiological studies to look for reduced mortality.

Permissive Hypotension vs. Conventional Resuscitation in Patients With Trauma or Hemorrhagic Shock: A Review.

Trauma is one of the leading causes of death, with hemorrhage being one of the most preventable aspects. Aggressive fluid resuscitation protocols were implemented before their value was critically evaluated. Permissive hypotension limits blood loss while maintaining adequate perfusion and positively impacts outcomes in actively hemorrhaging trauma patients. Peer-reviewed articles pertaining to the use of hypotensive resuscitation were identified and selected from a search of the PubMed database. Based on this, seven primary research articles were selected for evaluation. The articles were grouped based on their approach to hypotensive resuscitation. We focused on the safety and viability of hypotensive resuscitation, compared it to normotensive resuscitation, and compared mortality rates. Our review shows that hypotensive resuscitation is safe and has a decreased mortality rate when compared to normotensive resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock patients. There is less blood loss, hemodilution, ischemia, and hypoxia in tissues. Additional research is required to determine the exact parameters that are most beneficial in different patient populations.

Resuscitation of the Traumatically Injured Patient.

Trauma is a leading cause of death. Optimal outcomes depend on a coordinated effort. Providers must be prepared to act in an organized and methodical manner. Recognizing and immediately treating causes of shock after trauma offer the best chance of survival to the patient. Incorporating evidence-based knowledge and resuscitation techniques learned from the military, the trauma victim experiencing acute hypovolemia has better outcomes because of advances in the clinical management of blood loss than ever before. Treatment focuses primarily on stopping the bleeding, providing damage control resuscitation, and monitoring and treating the patient for signs of shock. If the patient can be stabilized and avoid the lethal trauma triad, definitive surgical care can be achieved.

Hipotensión permisiva en trauma / Permissive hypotension in trauma

Resumen Introducción: El shock hemorrágico es una de las causas más comunes de muerte en pacientes con trauma debido a que pone en marcha un círculo vicioso de mecanismos que incluyen hipotermia, acidosis y coagulopatía. Para mitigar estos efectos, se han propuesto estrategias de control de daños, incluido el aporte controlado de líquidos con hipotensión permisiva contemplando metas en la presión arterial sistólica para mantener una adecuada perfusión de los tejidos. Objetivo: Conocer información actualizada acerca del manejo de la hipotensión permisiva en pacientes con trauma. Metodología: Se buscó información en las bases de datos Web-of-Science y Scopus de los últimos cinco años. El resultado arrojó un total de 118 artículos de los cuales se tomaron 30, según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Todos los artículos consideran el uso de la hipotensión permisiva como una buena opción para el manejo de los pacientes con trauma e hipotensión, sin embargo, difieren en qué momento es adecuado utilizarlo y en qué condiciones se debe realizar. Conclusiones: Si bien la hipotensión permisiva se ha convertido en uno de los pilares fundamentales en el manejo prehospitalario del paciente con trauma, se requieren estudios investigativos en humanos para soportar cuándo y cómo debe utilizarse.

Abstract Introduction: Hemorrhagic shock is one of the most common causes of death in trauma patients, because it sets in motion a vicious cycle of mechanisms, including hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy. To mitigate these effects, damage control strategies have been proposed, including the controlled intake of fluids with permissive hypotension, contemplating goals in systolic blood pressure, and thus, maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Objective: The present research aimed to review the literature in search of updated information about the management of permissive hypotension in patients with trauma. Methodology: Information was searched in the Web-of-Science and Scopus databases in the last five years. The result yielded a total of 118 articles, of which 30 were taken according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: All the articles consider the use of permissive hypotension as a good option for the management of patients with trauma and hypotension, however, they differ when it is appropriate to use it and under what conditions it should be performed. Conclusions: Although permissive hypotension has become one of the fundamental pillars in the prehospital management of the patient with trauma, research studies in humans are required to support when and how it should be used.

Critical Care Considerations for Damage Control in a Trauma Patient.

Traumatic injury remains the leading cause of death among individuals younger than age 45 years. Hemorrhage is the primary preventable cause of death in trauma patients. Management of hemorrhage focuses on rapidly controlling bleeding and addressing the lethal triad of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy. The principles of damage control surgery are rapid control of hemorrhage, temporary control of contamination, resuscitation in the intensive care unit to restore normal physiology, and a planned, delayed definitive operative procedure. Damage control resuscitation focuses on 3 key components: fluid restriction, permissive hypotension, and fixed-ratio transfusion. Rapid recognition and control of hemorrhage and implementation of resuscitation strategies to control damage have significantly improved mortality and morbidity rates. In addition to describing the basic principles of damage control surgery and damage control resuscitation, this article explains specific management considerations for and potential complications in patients undergoing damage control interventions in an intensive care unit.

Partial Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta: A Systematic Review of the Preclinical and Clinical Literature.

BACKGROUND: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has become a standard adjunct for the management of life-threatening truncal hemorrhage, but the technique is limited by the sequalae of ischemia distal to occlusion. Partial REBOA addresses this limitation, and the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of a device designed to enable partial REBOA will broaden its application. We conducted a systematic review of the available animal and clinical literature on the methods, impacts, and outcomes associated with partial REBOA as a technique to enable targeted proximal perfusion and limit distal ischemic injury. We hypothesize that a systematic review of the published animal and human literature on partial REBOA will provide actionable insight for the use of partial REBOA in the context of future wider clinical implementation of this technique. METHODS: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols guidelines, we conducted a search of the available literature which used partial inflation of a REBOA balloon catheter. Findings from 22 large animal studies and 14 clinical studies met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Animal and clinical results support the benefits of partial REBOA including extending the resuscitative window extended safe occlusion time, improved survival, reduced proximal hypertension, and reduced resuscitation requirements. Clinical studies provide practical physiologic targets for partial REBOA including a period of total occlusion followed by gradual balloon deflation to achieve a target proximal pressure and/or target distal pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Partial REBOA has several benefits which have been observed in animal and clinical studies, most notably reduced ischemic insult to tissues distal to occlusion and improved outcomes compared with total occlusion. Practical clinical protocols are available for the implementation of partial REBOA in cases of life-threatening torso hemorrhage.

Full recovery after 45 min of open cardiac massage for penetrating trauma: Resuscitation guided by end tidal CO2 and permissive hypotension.

We present a rare case of a patient who sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen, injuring the aorta, IVC and right common iliac vein. After initially obtaining return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) en route to the hospital, the patient again lost cardiac activity in the operating room during exploratory laparotomy. Resuscitative thoracotomy was performed and open cardiac massage was maintained for approximately 45 min while vessel injuries were repaired. During cardiac massage, end tidal CO2 was maintained between 15 and 31 mm Hg with 100% oxygen saturation and the patient received on-going transfusion of recycled whole blood and blood component therapy. Permissive hypotension was maintained to facilitate rapid repair of major vessels. Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved with a single 30 joule defibrillation. The patient was discharged home on hospital day 11, neurologically intact. This is the first report of survival after 45 min of open cardiac massage with aortic cross clamping, indicating that end tidal CO2 may act as an indicator of adequate end organ perfusion during protracted periods of hypotension.

A Complex Coronary Artery Fistula as a Potential Cause of Sudden Intraoperative Hemodynamic Compromise: A Case Report.

A patient with coronary artery fistula should be considered as high risk for intraoperative hemodynamic decompensation. In this article, we report the case of a 70-year-old man affected by a complex congenital coronary artery fistula defect. The patient underwent general anesthesia for spine surgery with permissive hypotension. The development of sudden intraoperative tachyarrhythmia with hemodynamic instability required immediate resuscitation and interruption of surgery. The claim advanced is that in patients with a coronary artery fistula permissive hypotension might be considered an option only if strictly necessary and real-time cardiac monitoring including transesophageal echocardiography is available to immediately detect and treat acute cardiac impairment.

Anesthesia for Patients with Extensive Trauma.

Trauma anesthesiology is a unique and growing subspecialty. With the growing number of adult and pediatric trauma centers in the United States, a thorough understanding of the early management of severely injured patients with trauma is an important aspect of anesthesia. Trauma anesthesiology requires the ability to adapt to different work environments, including the trauma bay, the operating room, and even the intensive care unit, where a patient room may require conversion to an operating suite for emergencies. This article provides a review of the anesthetic management for patients with extensive trauma, focusing on physiology, pharmacology, and bedside management.

Fluid resuscitation in trauma: what are the best strategies and fluids?

BACKGROUND: Traumatic injuries pose a global health problem and account for about 10% global burden of disease. Among injured patients, the major cause of potentially preventable death is uncontrolled post-traumatic hemorrhage. MAIN BODY: This review discusses the role of prehospital trauma care in low-resource/remote settings, goals, principles and evolving strategies of fluid resuscitation, ideal resuscitation fluid, and post-resuscitation fluid management. Management of fluid resuscitation in few special groups is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Prehospital trauma care systems reduce mortality in low-resource/remote settings. Delayed resuscitation seems a better option when transport time to definitive care is shorter whereas goal-directed resuscitation with low-volume crystalloid seems a better option if transport time is longer. Few general recommendations regarding the choice of fluid are provided. Adhering to evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and local modifications based on patient population, available resources, and expertise will improve patient outcomes.

Moderately prolonged permissive hypotension results in reversible metabolic perturbation evaluated by intracerebral microdialysis - an experimental animal study.

BACKGROUND: Damage control resuscitation (DCR) and damage control surgery (DCS) is the main strategy in patients with uncontrollable hemorrhagic shock. One aspect of DCR is permissive hypotension. However, the duration of hypotension that can be tolerated without affecting the brain is unknown. In the present study we investigate the effect of 60 min severe hypotension on the brain's energy metabolism and seek to verify earlier findings that venous cerebral blood can be used as a marker of global cerebral energy state. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten pigs were anaesthetized, and vital parameters recorded. Microdialysis catheters were placed in the left parietal lobe, femoral artery, and superior sagittal sinus for analysis of lactate, pyruvate, glucose, glycerol, and glutamate. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by bleeding the animal until mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg was achieved. After 60 min the pigs were resuscitated with autologous blood and observed for 3 h. RESULTS: At baseline the lactate to pyruvate ratios (LP ratio) in the hemisphere, artery, and sagittal sinus were (median (interquartile range)) 13 (8-16), 21 (18-24), and 9 (6-22), respectively. After induction of hemorrhagic shock, the LP ratio from the left hemisphere in 9 pigs increased to levels indicating a reversible perturbation of cerebral energy metabolism 19 (12-30). The same pattern was seen in LP measurements from the femoral artery 28 (20-35) and sagittal sinus 22 (19-26). At the end of the experiment hemisphere, artery and sinus LP ratios were 16 (10-23), 17 (15-25), and 17 (10-27), respectively. Although hemisphere and sinus LP ratios decreased, they did not reach baseline levels (p < 0.05). In one pig hemisphere LP ratio increased to a level indicating irreversible metabolic perturbation (LP ratio > 200). CONCLUSION: During 60 min of severe hypotension intracerebral microdialysis shows signs of perturbations of cerebral energy metabolism, and these changes trend towards baseline values after resuscitation. Sagittal sinus microdialysis values followed hemisphere values but were not distinguishable from systemic arterial values. Venous (jugular bulb) microdialysis might have a place in monitoring conditions where global cerebral ischemia is a risk.

Hypotension in small preterms: what does it mean?

Introduction: Small preterms often have low blood pressure readings in the first few days of life. However, what is hypotension in preterms? Should there be an aggressive approach to its management? What are the immediate and long-term side effects of powerful medications? Alternatively, could a low blood pressure be accepted instead? Materials and methods: Data were collected from files of all live babies with gestational age (GA) between 230/7 and 316/7 weeks over two different periods: years 2000-2004 and 2008-2012. Results: Our data show that, despite extremely low gestational age (ELGA)/extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates, almost half of these tiny babies have neither low mean arterial pressure (MAP) readings nor clinical signs of impaired perfusion. Yet, many of them are, variously treated or not, depending on individual decisions, rather than on sound evidence. Discussion: We suggest, should it be required to treat persistent hypotension, rather than treating just a low MAP recording, to address the whole issue of hypotension in the overall picture of clinical settings; we to assess organ dysfunction caused by low output and use the least aggressive measures, preferably within written protocols, tailored to the given unit, but equally, sufficiently flexible to individual babies. Furthermore, allow for "permissive hypotension" especially if transient, in the absence of clinical signs of hypoperfusion, with normal superior vena cava (SVC) flow, normal cardiac output, and normal brain scanning with normal cerebral Doppler flows. Whether treating hypotension, by whichever definition, "per se", will make any difference to both, immediate and late outcomes; in the end, treating remains open to questioning and calls for careful follow-up of these very susceptible preterms.

Doing Less is Better: Challenges in Complex Polytrauma Management - Case Report

Damage control resuscitation, characterized by hemostatic resuscitation with blood products, rapid arrest of bleeding and when possible, permissive hypotension with restricted fluid load form a structured approach in managing a polytrauma patient. When complicated with traumatic rhabdomyolysis however, permissive hypotension strategy may cause more harm resulting in subsequent ischaemic-reperfusion injury and acute kidney injury. We present a case involving a 20-year-old man who was rolled over by a lorry and sustained an open unstable pelvic fracture with vascular injury and left lower limb ischaemia. Permissive hypotension strategy was pursued for 4 hours prior to bleeding control in OT. This was followed by protracted surgery of 6 hours. Coagulopathy, acute kidney injury and rhabdomyolysis ensued in the post-operative period and patient succumbed to his injury on Day 3 post-trauma. Challenges and pitfalls in managing a complex polytrauma patient and recent evidences on damage control resuscitation is discussed.

Atualização na reanimação volêmica no paciente traumatizado / Update on volemic resuscitation in trauma patient

Introdução: O choque hipovolêmico é o principal tipo de choque no trauma. Seu manejo é fundamental visto que é uma das principais causas de mortes evitáveis. Objetivos: Definir conceitos relacionados à reanimação no choque hipovolêmico, como coagulopatia precoce no trauma, controle de danos, hipotensão permissiva, uso de cristaloides e hemoderivados, ácido tranexâmico e protocolo de transfusão maciça. Metodologia: Busca na base de dados bibliográfica Medline/Pubmed e LILACS no período de maio de 2018, incluindo artigos de revisão, revisões sistemáticas e guidelines cuja publicação seja em inglês ou português e remeta os últimos 5 anos. Os descritores foram "permissive hypotension" ou "damage control resuscitation". "hypovolemic shock". Os artigos foram selecionados com busca direta, considerando relevância do tema à proposta e revista com fator de impacto mensurado. Resultados: Foram apresentados 342 resultados da busca de dados, nos quais 15 artigos foram selecionados. Na conduta do choque hipovolêmico, responsável por 30 a 40% das mortes no período de 24 horas após o trauma, adota-se a hipotensão permissiva e preconiza-se o controle de danos. Conclusões: O entendimento da coagulopatia no trauma, do uso limitado de cristaloides, da reanimação balanceada, da hipotensão permissiva, da correta indicação do ácido tranexâmico e da aplicação do protocolo de transfusão maciça é fundamental na reanimação volêmica do paciente traumatizado.

Introduction: The hypovolemic shock is the main type of shock in trauma patients. Its management is fundamental given that hemorrhagic shock is one of the main causes of death that can be avoided. Aims: To define concepts related to resuscitation in hypovolemic shock, such as early coagulopathy in trauma, damage control, permissive hypotension, use of crystalloids and blood derivatives, tranexamic acid and massive transfusion protocol. Methods: Search in the bibliographic database Medline/Pubmed and LILACS in the period of May 2018, including review articles, systematic reviews and guidelines published in either English or Portuguese in the last 5 years. The descriptors were "permissive hypotension" or "damage control resuscitation". Of the 342 results, 15 articles were selected with direct search, considering relevance of the theme to the proposal and reviewed with measured impact factor. Results: From 342 results in database, 10 articles have been selected. The management of hypovolemic shock, responsible for 30-40% of deaths within 24 hours of trauma, permissive hypotension and damage control have been recommended. Conclusion: The understanding of coagulopathy in trauma, of limited use of crystalloids, of balanced resuscitation, of permissive hypotension, of the correct indication of tranexamic acid and of the application of the protocol of massive transfusion is essential in the resuscitation of the trauma patient.